Progress in the preparation and biological applications of carbon-based dual-atom nanozymes

Carbon-based dual-atom nanozymes (DAzymes) have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of nanozymes due to their highly controllable atomic configurations and superior electronic structure regulation capabilities. This paper systematically reviews the primary preparation methods for carbon-based DAzymes and compares their advantages. Centering on biomedical application scenarios, it also summarizes the functional advantages and application performances of carbon-based DAzymes. Finally, it outlines the future development trends in data-driven design, multifunctional integration, and clinical translation, aiming to provide insights for the rational design and application expansion of carbon-based DAzymes.