Research progress on foodborne risk factors and cardiometabolic diseases

The global surge of cardiometabolic diseases poses a heavy burden to both individuals and society. With the rapid industrialization of the food system and the migration of emerging contaminants into food, the exposure risk of foodborne risk factors is increasing. Accumulating evidence suggests that multiple foodborne risk factors might accelerate the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. As the variety and complex exposure of risk factors, identification of those at high risk for cardiometabolic diseases is in urgent need. In this review, we summarize recent high-quality epidemiological and laboratory evidence, and analyze the latest research progress on representative foodborne risk factors associated with cardiometabolic diseases, including trans-fatty acids, artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, micro- and nanoplastics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS), and advanced glycation end products(AGEs). Limitations of current toxicological evaluation and risk assessment are further discussed, to provide scientific reference for establishment of food safety standard and prevention strategy for cardiometabolic diseases.