Abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine regulates and improves the microenvironment of nerve regeneration by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, thus promoting the regeneration, repair, and reconstruction functions after nerve injury. This enables traditional Chinese medicine to play a neuroprotective role in the treatment of ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases through multiple pathways and targets. With the unique advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, the impact of traditional Chinese medicine on neural stem cells and its potential in the treatment of neurological diseases have become a new research hotspot. This article briefly describes the research progress on the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine on the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural stem cells.