Abstract: Sulfur mustard is a kind of chemical warfare agent that is difficult to prevent and treat, and can cause irreversible damage to many tissues and organs, including skin, eyes, lungs and nervous system, etc. So far, the mechanism of SM poisoning has not been clear yet. Previous studies on the mechanism of SM poisoning show that the mass production of oxygen radicals, glutathione depletion, NAD⁺ consumption, calcium overload and cell apoptosis are closely related to mitochondria. This review aims to summarize the role of mitochondria in SM injury from the aspects of mitochondrial morphology, function, membrane potential, oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA, NAD⁺, apoptosis, autophagy, etc., and outline the future research directions.