Abstract: Objective: To reveal the relevant social problems by analyzing the various factors affecting parents'anxiety in the parenting process of one-child families and two-child families, and to provide some theoretical ba-sis for alleviating the parenting anxiety of modern parents.Methods: From November to December 2021, the children and their parents from 714 one-child and two-child families who visited the Pediatric Clinic of Wuhan No.1 Hospital in Hubei Province and the Pediatric Clinic of Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical Uni-versity in Kunming City, Yunnan Province voluntarily completed the online questionnaire and were selected as the research objects.Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale was used to investigate the anxiety status of parents and various factors affecting the anxiety status of parents in one-child families and two-child families were analyzed.Results: The anxiety rate of 714 parents who completed the questionnaire was 13.17% (94/714); Univariate analysis showed that region, annual family income, parenting attitude and hospitalization at birth were the common influencing factors of anxiety among parents of one-child and two-child families (P< 0.05).Multi-variate Logistic regression analysis showed that re-gion difference, lower annual family income and hos-pitalization at birth were independent influencing fac-tors of anxiety of parents of one-child and two-child families(P< 0.05).Conclusion: In modern society, parents are prone to anxiety during the parenting process of one-child families and two-child families.Many factors are related to parents' parenting anxiety, which is more prominent in one-child families.Targeted intervention mea-sures should be taken to relieve parents' anxiety, so as to improve the quality of family life and promote the healthy growth of children.